Information:
Types of Backup Software : What’s the difference between Disk Imaging, File Based Backup, or Synchronization...?
File Backup Terminology: What do terms like “Differential,” & “Incremental,” mean, and how will they help me?
Make 2016 The Year You Start Doing Cloud Backups

More applications:
Softpedia's list: Back-Up and Recovery
Softpedia's list: File Sharing
MajorGeek's list: Back Up
AlternativeTo's list: Backup & Sync (click "Backup & Sync" to filter)
34 Free Backup Software Tools (with reviews)
List of backup software; Comparison of backup software
Open Source Storage: 49 Tools for Backup and Recovery
FREEWARE GUIDE - Utilities - Backup

 

File-level backup:
Subsections follow.

1. Windows built-in applications:
Automatically Make Continuous Backups of Personal Files with Windows 8/8.1 File History
The Automatic Windows 7 File Backup That You Didn’t Know You Had
How to Control the Amount of Disk Space Used by System Protection (System Restore) in Windows Vista/7
ShadowExplorer

2. Third-party applications - general:
Note: Some of the applications in section "Synchronization" can also be used for file-level backup.
Best Free File-Based Backup Program
BackUp Maker
FBackup
Comodo Backup
AOMEI Backupper Standard
EaseUS Todo Backup Free
Cobian Backup
Areca Backup
Genie Timeline Free
GFI Backup Home Edition
Ocster Backup Freeware
Toucan
FileHamster
CrashPlan
Veeam Endpoint Backup FREE
Yadis! Backup
CFBackup
Back4Sure
EaseBackup
JaBack
EVACopy
BitReplica
Peter's Backup
Personal Backup
Backup Dwarf Home Edition
aBackup2
SSuite File Backup Master
Z-DBackup Freeware Version
FileGee Backup & Sync System - Personal Edition
Exiland Backup Free
Uranium Backup Free
AceBackup
Lazy Mirror
Iperius Backup Free
Nero BackItUp
7Backup
BuddyBackup
AutoVer
UrBackup
Syncrify Personal
Bacula; download older versions for Windows (newer versions for Windows are not free)
Amanda
Renee Becca

Synchronization:
Best Free Folder Synchronization Utility
Comparison of file synchronization software
PureSync Personal
SyncBackFree
Fullsync
FreeFileSync
SyncToy
Karen's Replicator
DSynchronize
SyncBreeze
FlagSync
Create Synchronicity
Zback
Allway Sync
Sync Last Files Free
Backup Folder Sync
FileSynq
yCopy2
AutoVer
Synchredible Standard Edition
Fast Back'em Standard Edition
Saleen Folder Sync
MetroBackUp
Horodruin - stefanobordoni[DOT]interfree[DOT]it/Stefano/horodruin[DOT]htm
SyncFolders
Synkron
GoodSync Free
GFI Backup Home Edition
Toucan
BitReplica
Z-DBackup Freeware Version
FileGee Backup & Sync System Personal Edition
Exiland Backup Free
Syncrify Personal
File Synchronizer (Karaosoft)
BitTorrent Sync
Syncthing

Online backup/storage/synchronization:
Subsections follow.

1. Providers:
Dropbox vs. Carbonite: The difference between cloud-based storage and backup
Best Free Online Backup Sites (contains both online backup and online storage applications)
11 Free Online Backup Plans (with reviews)
33 Free Cloud Storage Services (with reviews)
Comparison of online backup services
Comparison of file hosting services
OneDrive; SDExplorer Base Edition
Google Drive; GMail Drive
Dropbox Basic
MozyHome; Mozy Sync
ADrive Personal Basic
IDrive Basic
Box Personal
Cubby Basic
TeamDrive
4Sync
Bitdefender Safebox
CloudMe
Memopal
SpiderOak
Syncplicity
TeamLab
MiMedia
HiDrive
BeeCloud
Wuala
Touro Cloud Backup
Symform
MyDrive
Pogoplug
KumoSync
LG Cloud
Amazon Cloud Drive
Yandex.Disk
ASUS WebStorage
CloudSafe
Norton Zone
Copy
Digital Lifeboat
Jottacloud
Symform
get2clouds
OziBox
SurDoc
hubiC
Yunio
pCloud
Nero BackItUp
CrashPlan
BuddyBackup
UrBackup
Syncrify Personal
Bacula; download older versions for Windows (newer versions for Windows are not free)
Amanda
myUpload
4shared
MediaFire
MEGA (Ch, FF)

2. Managers:
Jumptuit
Duplicati
Gladinet
Cloud Turtle
Neembuu Uploader
Joukuu
drag2up (FF, Ch)
Cloud Save (Ch)
Otixo
SkyShellEx

Drive imaging/cloning:
Subsections follow.

1. Windows built-in applications:
How to Create a System Image with Windows 8.1 File History
Make Your Windows 8/8.1 Computer Act Like New with the Refresh Feature
Create a Windows 7 System Image for Full Backup and Restoration
How to use Vista's Complete PC Backup and Restore utility

2. Third-party applications:
Best Free Drive Cloning Software
List of disk cloning software; Comparison of disk cloning software
Paragon Backup & Recovery Advanced Free
Macrium Reflect Free
Easeus Todo Backup Free
Keriver 1-click restore
AOMEI Backupper Standard
DriveImage XML
O&O DiskImage Express
Roadkil's Disk Image
ActiveImage Protector Free
ODIN
RecImg Manager
Realcopy
HDClone free
XXCLONE
Acronis True Image WD Edition 2010
EASIS Drive Cloning
Keriver Disk Sync
Roadkil's Raw Copy
HDD Raw Copy Tool
CopyWipe
G4U
Clonezilla
PING
PC INSPECTOR clone maxx
Partition Logic
Redo Backup and Recovery
EaseUS Disk Copy Home Edition
Lazesoft Disk Image & Clone Home
OSFClone
UrBackup
Active Disk Image Lite

Driver backup:
Best Free Windows Driver Backup and Restore
How to Back Up Windows 7 Drivers
Double Driver
Driver Magician
DriverGuide Toolkit
DriverBackup!
DriverGrabber
Driver Collector
See also in this list: Updating/searching for drivers

Email backup:
Best Free Email Backup Utility
Best Free Outlook Express Backup
MailStore Home
KLS Mail Backup
Personal Folders Backup
Outlook Express Backup
GMail Backup
EZ eMail Backup
OEBackup
Amic Email Backup 

Master boot record (MBR) backup:
8 Free Tools to Backup and Restore the Master Boot Record (MBR)
MBR Backup
Bootice
BootRescue

Registry backup:
How to Backup the Windows Registry
How to back up and restore the registry in Windows
Erunt
Registry Backup
EMCO Remote Registry Exporter
RegistryLoaderPE
HiveLoader
SMARegisTry Backup

USB device backup:
USBflashcopy
USB Flash Tools
USB Image Tool
ImageUSB

Other:
360 Document Protector (against ransomware)
Backing Up EISA Hidden PQSERVICE Partition and MBR on a New Laptop
Backup and Restore Vista OEM Activation License
EasyBCD - BCD Backup/Repair
NetSetMan
Tonido (FF, Ch)
DirectX Happy Uninstall
MozBackup
MailBrowserBackup
Servers
OPA-Backup
OSFMount
Gizmo Central
DataGrab
PowerFolder
HTC Sync
Undeluxe (undelete utility)
ZeroPC (Ch)
SnapRAID
ToolWiz Remote Backup
WinAIO Maker Professional

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